![]() ![]() ![]() Differences in regional biomechanical tolerances of the human head have implications in clinical and biomechanical applications. The temporal (pink) and sphenoid bones (yellow) make up the major structures of the middle fossa of the basal skull. These parameters have direct application in safety engineering, for example, in designing vehicular interiors for occupant protection. The occipital bone (identified in green at the back of the skull) continues underneath the brain to produce the posterior fossa of the basal skull (Diagram 2). 1 Basilar skull fractures are divided into anterior fossa, middle fossa and posterior fossa fractures. Force-deflection curves and acceleration time histories are used to derive secondary variables such as head injury criteria. It is defined as a fracture of one or more of the temporal, occipital, sphenoid, frontal or ethmoid bone. The importance of using appropriate instrumentation to derive injury metrics is underscored to guide future experiments.Ī unique advantage of human cadaver tests is the ability to obtain fundamental data for delineating the biomechanics of the structure and establishing tolerance limits. The occipital bone (identified in green at the back of the skull) continues underneath the brain to produce the posterior fossa of the basal skull (Diagram 2). Lateral impact data are compared, where possible, with other regions of the cranial vault (e.g., frontal and occipital bones) to provide a perspective on relative variations between different anatomic regions of the human skull. A linear skull fracture is a break in a cranial bone resembling a thin line, without splintering, depression, or distortion of bone. Fracture tolerances in the form of biomechanical variables such as peak force, peak acceleration, and head injury criteria are used in the presentation. Human cadaver investigations using unembalmed and embalmed and intact and isolated specimens subjected to static and various types of dynamic loading (e.g., drop, impactor) are described. The occipital bone forms the posterior aspect of the skull and posterior floor of the cranial cavity. The anatomy of this region of the skull is briefly described from a biomechanical perspective. It is divided into anterior, central, and posterior regions, which form the floor of the anterior, middle, and posterior cranial fossae. This paper presents an analysis of research on the biomechanics of head injury with an emphasis on the tolerance of the skull to lateral impacts. The skull base is made up of 7 bones, the paired frontal and temporal bones, and the unpaired ethmoid, sphenoid, and occipital bones. ![]()
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